Recurrent miscarriage is diagnosed in case of three or more consecutive pregnancy failures before 20 weeks of gestation. It can be caused by genetic abnormalities, hormonal imbalances, uterine abnormalities, infections, and immune disorders. Most miscarriages occur due to the underdevelopment of the fetus. The most common symptoms of the miscarriage include vaginal spotting or bleeding, severe cramping in your abdomen or lower back and abnormal vaginal discharge during pregnancy. First Trimester miscarriage due to chromosomal abnormalities. second trimester recurrent miscarriages due to cervical incompetence.karyotyping of abortus material will help in diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities.cervical incompetence is treated by cervical cerclage surgery .Treatment may depend on the underlying cause, and options may include hormonal therapy, surgery, or in-vitro fertilisation with a pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.

In this condition, the fallopian tubes, which carry eggs from the ovaries to the fallopian tube, become blocked, preventing fertilisation and pregnancy. Though blocked fallopian tubes don’t usually have any symptomatic manifestation, in some cases, it can lead to mild, regular pain on the side of the abdomen. Causes may include infection, endometriosis, scar tissue from surgery, previous pelvic infection or past ectopic pregnancy. Often, both of the tubes get blocked, making pregnancy impossible without further treatment. If you have undergone a tubal ligation previously (a permanent contraception involving the cutting of the fallopian tube), there is tubal ligation reversal surgery to repair your fallopian tube and restore your capacity to become pregnant. Treatment options may include surgery, in-vitro fertilisation, Hyteroscopic Tubal cannulation surgery.

Certain medical disorders such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, heart disease, thalassemia, blood disorders, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can complicate pregnancy and pose considerable risks for both the mother and the fetus. When women suffering from chronic medical disorders become pregnant, specialised care and a proactive approach are required to address the concerning healthcare condition. Proper management and monitoring by an experienced gynaecologist can help improve outcomes.

Ectopic pregnancy is a condition in which a fertilised egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube. But, the fallopian tube is not made to accommodate a growing embryo. Thus, this condition leads to heavy bleeding inside abdomen and poses potentially life-threatening conditions. The additional symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy might include vaginal bleeding, pain in your pelvis and lower abdomen, along with fatigue and dizziness. The common risk factors for ectopic pregnancy are a prior history of pelvic inflammatory diseases, sexually transmitted infections and others. A condition of ectopic pregnancy requires prompt medical attention to avert possible injury to your fallopian tubes and other organs and, in the worst-case scenario: internal bleeding that leads to death. Treatment options may include laparoscopic salpingectomy or salpingostomy .Now a days laparoscopy is the gold standard to Treat ruptured ectopic pregnancy.

Endometriosis is diagnosed when the tissue lining the uterus grows outside the uterus, causing pain, scarring, and infertility. Though in most cases, you are not likely to experience any symptoms, severe endometriosis may endanger the following symptoms, such as painful periods, heavy menstrual bleeding and pain during sexual intercourse. Treatment options may include pain medications, hysterectomy surgery, conservative surgery and hormone therapy. If you have endometriosis, it is crucially important that you undergo regular monitoring and consultation with your gynaecologist.

Uterine fibroids, a type of benign growth in the uterus, can cause painful periods, pelvic discomfort, and, in more severe cases, infertility. If you have entered menopause, the fibroid tumours you are suffering from might as well begin to shrink. This is because hormonal secretion can directly stimulate the growth of the uterine fibroids, and as your progesterone and oestrogen levels drop during menopause, the tumours also likewise shrink. Though most of the time symptomless, fibroids can also cause heavy bleeding during your periods, menstrual clots, pain in the abdomen & the lower back and a feeling of fullness in your lower abdomen. Treatment options may include medication, myomectomy surgery, hysterectomy and so forth.

Pelvic pain can be brought on by a number of illnesses affecting the musculoskeletal system, urinary system, digestive system, or reproductive systems. Depending on the underlying reason, the kind, location, and degree of pelvic discomfort can vary greatly. Menstrual cramps, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, pelvic inflammatory disease, bladder infections, irritable bowel syndrome, and musculoskeletal issues are a few of the more typical underlying reasons for pelvic discomfort. The course of treatment for pelvic pain depends on the underlying reason and may involve medication, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, or surgery. If you are having prolonged pelvic discomfort, you should consult a doctor right away since some conditions may need immediate diagnosis and care.

PCOS, aka polycystic ovary syndrome, is a hormonal condition that causes irregular periods, acne, weight gain, and infertility. PCOS is medically recognised as a syndrome, a group of symptoms. The three defining features of PCOS are respectively: cysts in the ovaries, high levels of male hormones and erratic menstrual cycles. PCOS can affect your body in myriad ways, such as causing infertility, inducing metabolic syndrome (high blood sugar, high blood pressure etc.), causing sleep apnea, and in the worst-case scenario, preparing the ground for endometrial cancer. PCOS is also known to interfere with the normal menstrual cycle and makes it considerably difficult to get pregnant. Treatment options may include lifestyle changes, medication (such as birth control, Metformin, Clomiphene and others), or a combination of both.

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that take root on or within the ovaries. They can be caused by hormonal imbalances or other underlying medical conditions. Ovarian cysts are an extremely widespread and common condition, most of the time causing no discomfort or harm. But in some cases, ovarian cysts can get perforated. Ruptured ovarian cysts are known to cause serious consequences for your health. Hence, if you feel sudden abdominal or pelvic pain, fever and signs of shock, you should immediately contact a gynaecologist and undergo the necessary treatments. Treatment options may depend on the size and type of cyst and may include monitoring, medication, or surgery (cystectomy or laparoscopic cystectomy).

Heavy uterine bleeding, also known as menorrhagia, is a common gynaecological problem that can be caused by hormonal imbalances, fibroids, or polyps. It is diagnosed when the timespan of your period exceeds five days and is accompanied by heavy bleeding. Sometimes the underlying cause of your bleeding could be innocuous, and other times it could indicate something more critical, such as cancer or other underlying conditions. Hormonal imbalances or structural anomalies in the uterus (such as polyps, fibroids and Adenomyosis) could lead to this condition. Treatment options may include medication, minimally invasive procedures, or surgeries such as hysteroscopy, myomectomy and hysterectomy.

Geriatric gynaecology is the branch of gynaecology that focuses on the healthcare needs of women over the age of 65. The common gynecologic health issues that emerge during late years are urinary complaints (including incontinence and urinary tract infections), vulvovaginal inflammations and myriad skin disorders, pelvic prolapses, gynecologic cancers and so forth. Hence, the discipline of geriatric gynaecology includes the management of menopause, osteoporosis, and urinary incontinence, among other conditions. Often, the gynaecologist may recommend hormone therapy to counteract the distressing experience of menopause, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness and night sweats. Laser therapy and PRP injections are also two indispensable elements of treatment in geriatric gynaecology, used to revitalise vaginal tissues, enhance sexual functions and improve vaginal hydration.

Adenomyosis is a condition in which the tissue lining the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus, causing excruciating pain and heavy bleeding. The disease usually resolves on its own after menopause. The symptoms are usually the following: heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, severe stabbing pain during menstruation and chronic pelvic pain. Moreover, Adenomyosis might cause your uterus to get bigger, causing tenderness and pressure in your lower abdomen. The most common risk factors for Adenomyosis are prior uterine surgery, childbirth and ageing. Your healthcare provider may apply treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal medications and hysterectomy, to resolve the symptoms of Adenomyosis.

Pelvic tuberculosis is a type of tuberculosis that affects the reproductive organs, including the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes in women and the prostate gland and seminal vesicles in men. It is brought on by the Mycobacterium TB bacteria and generally spreads through the blood from a tuberculosis infection that is active in another area of the body. Pelvic tuberculosis can lead to a variety of symptoms, including pelvic pain, irregular menstrual cycles, infertility, and in severe cases, abscesses or fistulas. Diagnosis of pelvic tuberculosis can be difficult as the symptoms are often nonspecific, and imaging tests such as ultrasounds or CT scans may not always be conclusive. A definitive diagnosis often requires a biopsy or culture of the affected tissue. Treatment for pelvic tuberculosis usually comprises a combination of antibiotics prescribed for at least six months. To get rid of infected areas or damaged tissue, surgery may occasionally be required. In order to minimise problems and stop the infection from spreading to other areas of the body, it is critical to begin the treatment as soon as possible.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a bacterial infection of the reproductive organs in women. It is typically caused by sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea but can also be caused by other types of bacteria. PID can cause a variety of symptoms, including pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination, and painful intercourse. In severe cases, it can lead to complications such as abscesses, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Diagnosis of PID may involve a pelvic exam, lab tests to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection, and imaging tests such as ultrasounds or CT scans to check for complications. Treatment for PID typically involves antibiotics, which may be given orally or through an IV in severe cases.

Endometrial carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. It is the most common & widespread type of uterine cancer and usually affects women who have gone through menopause, although it can also occur in younger women. The exact cause of endometrial carcinoma is not fully understood, but risk factors include obesity, hormonal imbalances, and history of oestrogen-based hormone replacement therapy. Symptoms of endometrial carcinoma can include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pressure, and pain during intercourse. Diagnosis may involve a biopsy of the endometrial tissue to check for cancer cells. Treatment for endometrial carcinoma often involves surgery to remove the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, as well as any nearby lymph nodes or other affected tissue. Radiation therapy or chemotherapy may also be administered to destroy any remaining cancer cells.

Cervical cancer transpires in the cells of the cervix, i.e. the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is usually caused by a sexually transmitted infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer often develops slowly, with early changes in the cells of the cervix (called cervical dysplasia) that can progress to cancer over time. Symptoms of cervical cancer may manifest in abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or discharge, but often there are no symptoms in the early stages. Screening for cervical cancer, such as with a Pap test, can detect abnormal cells before they become cancerous. The HPV vaccine can also help prevent the development of cervical cancer by boosting your immunity against the strains of HPV responsible for the disease. Depending on the stage of cancer, treatment for cervical cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. If detected early, cervical cancer can often be treated successfully and has a good prognosis.

Ovarian cancer afflicts the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs. It is often colloquially called the “silent killer” because symptoms may not appear until the advanced stage. The precise cause of ovarian cancer is not fully comprehended, but risk factors include family history, genetic mutations, and age (most cases occur in women over age 50). Symptoms may include abdominal bloating, pain or pressure, pelvic pain, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis of ovarian cancer may involve a pelvic exam, imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans in tandem with a biopsy to confirm the presence of malignancy. Treatment for ovarian cancer usually consists of surgery to remove the ovaries and any nearby affected tissue, as well as chemotherapy to exterminate any remaining cancer cells.

A pelvic abscess is a mass of pus or infected fluid that develops in the pelvic area, usually as a side effect of an infection in the intestines or reproductive system. It can be a dangerous medical ailment that has to be treated promptly. Fever, chills, pelvic or abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and exhaustion are all potential signs of a pelvic abscess. Additionally, there could occasionally be bleeding or unexplained vaginal discharge. An ultrasound or CT scan can help diagnose a pelvic abscess and gauge the severity of the infection. The most common method of treating a pelvic abscess is to drain it surgically or with an image-guided needle. To stop its spread, antibiotics may also be recommended.

The failure to become pregnant after a year of frequent, unprotected sexual activity is known as infertility. It may be brought on by a number of circumstances and can affect both men and women. Ovulation problems, uterine or fallopian tube injury, endometriosis, and age-related loss in fertility are possible causes of infertility in women. Low sperm count or motility, obstructions in the reproductive canal, hormone imbalances, or hereditary factors can all contribute to infertility in males. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment for infertility may involve drugs to increase sperm count or trigger ovulation, surgery to fix damage or remove obstructions, and assisted reproductive technologies like in vitro fertilisation (IVF). Lifestyle modifications, such as abstinence from alcohol and cigarettes and proper diet, can also allay the risks of infertility to a considerable extent.

Submucous myomas, sometimes called submucosal fibroids, are a particular form of uterine fibroid that develops just below the lining of the uterus and protrudes into the uterine cavity. It is one of the most prevalent varieties of uterine fibroids and exhibits a range of tangible symptoms. The symptoms might include excessive or protracted menstrual flow, pelvic pressure or discomfort, frequent urination, infertility, or repeated miscarriages. There can be no symptoms in some circumstances. In order to diagnose a submucous myoma, a pelvic examination, ultrasound, hysteroscopy (a technique to view the interior of the uterus), or MRI may be used. Options for treatment vary according to the fibroid’s size, location, and degree of symptomatology.

Para ovarian cysts, also known as Para tubal cysts, are fluid-filled sacs forming in the tissue next to the ovaries. These cysts are mostly harmless and unconnected to the ovaries. Although they can happen to women of any age, Para ovarian cysts are more frequently observed in those who are of reproductive age. Usually causing no symptoms, they are frequently found by accident during a normal pelvic check or imaging procedure. Rarely, Para ovarian cysts may enlarge to the point where they press against the pelvis or cause pain or discomfort. The cyst may require surgical excision if symptoms are present. It is crucial to remember that Para ovarian cysts often do not raise the risk of ovarian cancer, and most cysts can resolve on their own. However, if you are going through severe symptoms, it might be time to undergo appropriate evaluation and treatment.

Cervical fibroids are noncancerous growths that form in the cervix, aka the lower portion of the uterus that leads to the vagina. They are also known as fibroid tumours of the cervix or cervical leiomyomas. Cervical fibroids are not very frequent, and it is unclear what exactly causes them to form. However, it is believed that they are connected to variations in oestrogen levels. Atypical vaginal bleeding, such as heavy or prolonged periods, pain during sex, or pressure in the pelvic region, are all possible symptoms of cervical fibroids. Medication, myomectomy or hysterectomy surgery, or a combination of the two may be used as treatments for cervical fibroids.